Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon Essay Example for Free

Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon Essay It is an unquestionable fact that the world of communication has immeasurable changed since Kenneth Burke first developed his theories and philosophies on this topic in the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, Burke’s views and thoughts can still be integrated with the theory of cinema as well as face-to-face communication and other forms of literature and art. Thus, as one critic once said, perhaps Burke will not be remembered so much for what he said but how others took his ideas and brought them forward into other realms of communication. In the 1920s, Burke began writing for the literary magazine The Dial, which included renderings of modernist art and his debates with individuals such as Malcolm Cowley on Dadaism and the Surrealists. His work the Symbolic marks an important time in his thinking when he advocated â€Å"art for arts sake† or the doctrine that aesthetic values are completely separate from political, religious, or economic ones. Burke’s earliest essays dealt with the formal aspects of imagery and the rhythms of language. He believed that reality was a construction of our interpretation of the symbols around us. Much of what we mean by reality has been built up for us through nothing but our symbol systems . . . Take away our books and what little do we know about history, biography, even something so â€Å"down to earth† as the relative position of the seas and continents. What is our â€Å"reality† for today†¦ but all this clutter of symbols about the past combined with whatever things we know mainly through maps, magazine, newspapers and the like about the present†¦And however important to us is the tiny sliver of reality each of us has experienced firsthand, the whole overall picture is but a construct of our symbol systems. (1966, p. 5) Thus, words are symbols, or utterances, produced by humans, alone, to signify those things that they represent. Despite the fact if they are written or verbal, words are a deliberate act for the expressed purpose of expression. A house can be described word-by-word without showing what the house actually looks like. However, because words are symbols, they can never be what they represent. The word â€Å"house† will not be a house. Words are heuristic and can be identified and understood by the person’s own mind and meaning. When a word is identifiable it becomes a representation of what it depicts. Dictionaries can help, but they alter meaning with those who read them. According to Burke, words have an unusual power. As for the relation between ‘identification’ and ‘persuasion’: we might well keep it in mind that a speaker persuades an audience by the use of stylistic identifications; his act of persuasion may be for the purpose of causing the audience to identify itself with the speaker’s interests; and the draws on identification of interests to establish a rapport between himself and his audience. (1966, p. 301-302) Burke was thus instrumental in advancing the whole understanding of rhetoric, with such aspects of his analysis as the pentad of drama, the role of identification, and the ratios or relationships among critical components. His pentad was comprised of the act (what occurs by the delivery of the rhetorical piece), the scene (the situational setup or the context of the discourse), the agent (the person being asked to complete the action), the agency (the tools used to complete the action), and the purpose (the goal of the action). If one analyzes the components of the pentad and their relationships to each other, Burke believed, one would be able to discern the motives underpinning that rhetorical act But we must acknowledge that photographs and, even more so, film are much more complex. When someone sees a visual representation, it can mean myriad of ideas, emotions at once. This visual representation mimics, in fact the viewer’s own perception of life and allows them a greater depth of understanding, or at the very least a sense of understanding, into the subject. In the 1940s, Burke expanded his interest in the visual culture and the function of art, film and television. He often used visual metaphors to explain key concepts, such as identification, representative anecdotes, the pentad, and terministic screens. In his introduction to A Grammar of Motives, Burke covered his theory of the pentad in relationship to a Museum of Modern Art in New York photographic exhibit with photos of war ships and an: aerial photograph of two launches, proceeding side by side on a tranquil sea. Their wakes crossed and recrossed each other in an almost infinite variety of lines. Yet despite the intricateness of the tracery, the picture gave an impression of great simplicity, because one could quickly perceive the generating principle of its design. Such, ideally, is the case with our pentad of terms, used as generating principle. It should provide us with a kind of simplicity that can be developed into considerable complexity, and yet can be discovered beneath its elaborations. (1945, xvi) As noted in â€Å"War and Cultural Life† (1942), he was emotionally impacted by the photos and affirmed that â€Å"one gets a very strong feeling that the war, vast as it is, is part of a still vaster configuration. † (p. 409). Burke felt that the photos â€Å"call(ed) forth a certain philosophic or ‘meditative’ attitude toward the war quite as it also gives nourishment to a strong sense of our national power† (p. 408). He was so taken, in fact, by the photos that he noted â€Å"it would be a very good service both to the strength of our patriotism and to its quality if this exhibit could be shown throughout the United States. † (p. 408) In the Therministic Screen: Rhetorical Perspectives on Film (2001), David Blakesely relied on Burke’s communication theory to look at cinema and the concept of the theory of film. Given all the theories that exist about film, Blakesely notes that there need not be one theory â€Å"to be elevated to disciplinary reverence,† but rather the question is â€Å"how best to use the terministic resources theory make available† (pg. 2). The title of the book comes from Burke’s phrase â€Å"terministic screen† in Language and Symbolic Action (1966), where his main assertion is that â€Å"not only does the nature of our terms affect the nature of our observations, in the sense that the terms direct the attention to one field rather than to another. Also, many of the ‘observations’ are but implications of the particular terminology in terms of which the observations are made† (pg. 46). In other words, as extrapolated from Burke, film rhetoric, or the visual and verbal symbols that weave film experience, directs the viewers’ attention in unlimited ways, but always towards the goal of fostering identification and the complexity that involves. Similarly, film theory, says Blakesley, which is the lens through which and with which one generates perspective on film as art and rhetoric, acts as a terministic screen that filters what does and does not constitute and legitimize interpretation and, thus, meaning (pg. 3). In his essay about Burke (2001), Andrew King emphasizes that Burke’s theories and assertions were not about ideology or political systems but about the over-rhetoricized world. He insists that according to Burke, even with the invention of writing, humans entered the world of virtual reality and building symbol systems. And, ever since, mankind has been piling symbol upon symbol and setting system over and against system. Simultaneously, with this ever-advanced technology, humans are cutting themselves off further and further from nature and the consequences of their actions. â€Å"Technology delays the consequences of our assaults on our nature and symbolic systems mask our failures until it is too late. Nature is recalcitrant and it will have its revenge, but not until it is too late for us to repair the results. † (para. 17)

Liquid Liquid Equilibrium of Pold (Ethylene Glycol)

Liquid Liquid Equilibrium of Pold (Ethylene Glycol) LiquidLiquid Equilibrium of Poly (ethylene glycol) 1500 + di-Potassium Tartrate +Water at different pH (6.41, 7.74 and 9.05) Alireza Barani Chemical Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering, Shomal University, Amol, PO Box 731, Iran Mohsen Pirdashti[1] Chemical Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering, Shomal University, Amol, PO Box 731, Iran Abbas Ali Rostami Chemical Engineering Department,Faculty of Engineering, Shomal University, Amol, PO Box 731, Iran Abstract: Liquid liquid equilibrium (LLE) data have been determined for aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) containing (ATPS) poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) 1500 +di potassium tartrate +water at 298.15 K and in various pH values (6.41, 7.74 and 9.05). Two physical properties (density and refractive index) were used to obtain the compositions of phase and the ends of the tie-lines. The effect of pH on the binodal curve, tie-line length and slope of tie line are discussed. The binodal curves of these systems have been correlated by Bleasdales equation. Furthermore, the Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations was used to correlate the tie line data points. Finally, the effective excluded volume (EEV) of the salt into the PEG aqueous solution were obtained. Keywords: ATPS; Phase diagram; pH; Refractive index; Poly(ethylene glycol); di potassium tartrate Introduction The dissolving of one polymer and one salt or two aqueous polymer solutions together in water results in the formation of two immiscible aqueous phases systems, called Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs). Albertson introduced these systems in 1965 for the purpose of separating the biological materials1. Several industries can benefit from employing ATPS including biotechnology, petroleum, paint, adhesives, and pharmaceuticals 2, 3. Moreover, the ATPS is effective in providing separation technique due to its undemanding scale-up viability 4-6, economic efficiency7, 8, ease of continuous process 9, decreased interfacial tension 10, short processing time 11, low energy consumption 12, 13, good resolution 14, high yield 15, relatively high load capacity 16, and selective extraction 17. The data derived from phase diagram, composition and the physical properties of the phase formation are essential in order to optimize, design and increase the size of these processes; and develop the models that predict phase partitioning18-20. Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) is a water-soluble hydrophilic and biocompatible polymer employed by the studies about ATPS 21. Accordingly, Selber et al. (2004) 3 provided a useful summary of experimental liquid-liquid data and equilibrium diagrams for systems including PEG, inorganic salts and water. Peng et al.10 (1995) investigated the phase diagram and protein partition coefficient in ATPS containing PEG and K2HPO4 + KH2PO4 and found some merits in this polymer-salt system. Furthermore, several studies 22-27 have focused on the Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium (LLE) data of PEG + salt ATPSs. Zafarani-Moattar et al. (2008) indicated some advantages of using tartrate such as biodegradability and effectiveness in partitioning of biological materials through being discharged into biological waste water treatment plants 27. In the current study, the phase equilibrium data for PEG1500 +di-potassium tartrate (K2C4H4O6 ) +H2O were determined at 298.15K and th ree pH values (6.41 , 7.74, and 9.05). In addition, the effects of pH on the binodal curve and Tie-Line Length (TLL) and Slope of Tie Line (STL) were determined. Likewise, the calibration curves were applied as an analytical technique [MN1]with measuring the density and refractive index. Finally, Othmer-Tobias and Bancroft equations 28 were used to fit the tie- line data and Bleasdales equation was employed 29 to correlate the experimental LLE data from the investigated systems. Experimental Materials To prepare the materials, PEG [HO (C2H4O) n H] with average of 1500 gmol-1 and di potassium tartrate with minimum purity of 99.5% by mass were obtained from Merck. The polymer and salts were used without further purification with the distilled deionized water. 2.2. Apparatus and Procedure. 2.2.1. Analytical Methods The same method of calibration plots and evaluation of parameters in the literatures 30 were employed to obtain the compositions in both phases from measurements of the two physical properties (density and refractive index) at 298.15 K. in order to obtain the compositions, calibration equations were previously obtained. Homogeneous ternary mixtures with compositions from 0 to 30 wt% (total solute composition) were prepared by weight, and then density and refractive index were measured at 298.15 K. the concentration of PEG and salt were obtained using eq 1, which related the refractive index and density to the concentration of salt and PEG at 298.15 K, where represents the mass fraction of PEG, is the mass fraction of di-potassium tartrate, and is the value of the refractive index and density of pure water at 298.15 K. Experimental data were fitted to polynomial expansions up to order 2 by least-squares (order 3 was proved unnecessary in all cases 23: (1) Where Z is the physical property (density or refractive index) and to are fitting parameters. The refractive index was determined by refractive index measurements at 298.15 K using a refractometer (CETI Belgium model) with an accuracy of 0.0001. Then, densities was measured by using an Anton Paar oscillation U-tube densitometer (model: DMA 500) with a precision of  ±10-4 g.cm-3. 2.2.2. Binodal Curve The experimental apparatus employed is similar to the one used previously 31. A glass vessel, volume of 25 cm3 was used to carry out the equilibrium determination. It was provided with an external jacket containing water at constant temperature. The temperature was controlled to within +-0.05 K. The binodal curves were determined by the cloud-point method 32. The cloud-point method was investigated by titration method where step by step and exactly known amounts of polymer (titrant) was added to an aqueous solution salt of known concentration (or vice versa) under stirring until the solution becomes cloudy. 2.2.3. The TLL and STL Tie lines were also determined using the equilibrium set designed by ourselves and according to previously described procedures [14]. For the determination of the tie lines, we selected 4 samples for each pH that were prepared by mixing appropriate amounts of PEG, salt, and water in the vessels. Samples were stirred for 5 min and settled for 24 h, with temperature controlling condition, to ensure that equilibrium was established. To separate the resulting phases, the tubes were centrifuged (Hermle Z206A, Germany) at 6000 rpm for 5 min. The resulted phases showed no turbidity and the top and bottom samples were easily separated. After the equilibrium was achieved, phases were with- drawn using syringes. The top phase was sampled first, with care being taken to leave a layer of material at least 0.5 cm thick above the interface. The bottom phase was remain in the glass vessel with a long needle. TLL provides an empirical measurement of the compositions of the two phases, which can be c alculated by the following equation: TLL= (2) Where and denote the concentration of PEG and salt in top and bottom phase, and STL is given by the ratio of the difference between the polymer and salt concentrations in the top and bottom phases as presented in Eq. 3: STL= (3) Where and are the polymer and salt concentrations, expressed in mass percent, respectively, and the superscripts T and B designate the top and bottom phases, respectively. 2.2.4.Binodal Curve and TLL Correlation For the binodal data correlation, the Bleasdales equation [27] can be suitably used to reproduce the binodal curves of the investigated systems (4) Where a, b, and c represent the fitting parameters and and demonstrate the polymer and salt mass fractions, respectively. The binodal data of the above expression were correlated by least-squares regression. The reliability of the measured tie-line compositions was ascertained by Othmer-Tobias (Eq. 5) and Bancroft (Eq. 6) correlation equations (5) (6) Where is the mass fraction of polymer in the top phase, is the mass fraction of salt in the bottom phase, and are the mass fractions of water in the bottom and top phases, respectively, and , , , and are the adjusted parameters. Besides, the obtained experimental data can also adapt to the equation provided by Guan and co-workers33 Ln (.WPEG/ ) + ./ = 0 (7) Where and stand for the polymer and salt molecular weight, respectively. Moreover, V* is the Effective Excluded Volume (EEV) of the salt in the PEG aqueous solution. Results and Discussion Fitting parameters of calibration equation The values of the coefficients a, b, c, d, e and f for the system studied are shown in table 1, respectively. Table 1.The value of the coefficients observed from eq. 1. 1.3341 0.0581 0.1302 -0.0718 0.2257 0.3882 à Ã‚ /g.cm3 0.9842 0.6783 0.1761 0.0098 0.1643 0.1018 Binodal Curve The binodal curve data of the PEG + di-potassium tartrate + H2O system are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Binodal curve data of the PEG 1500 + di-potassium tartrate+ water system at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa at different pH values 42.71 9.01 27.75 10.49 43.43 10.49 39.57 9.50 45.58 7.20 43.67 7.20 35.50 10.21 42.04 7.80 41.88 7.80 34.48 10.32 39.31 8.30 39.51 8.30 28.54 11.58 35.77 9.01 28.93 9.01 33.70 10.55 23.88 12.01 22.04 12.2 23.17 13.01 16.18 14.77 19.89 14.77 17.07 15.01 13.94 15.73 16.53 15.73 14.25 16.21 13.42 16.05 14.53 16.05 12.11 17.02 11.75 16.91 12.55 16.91 11.28 17.52 7.59 19.71 11.16 19.71 7.01 21.01 6.90 20.36 9.19 20.36 6.17 21.64 5.29 23.19 8.10 23.19 5.85 22.01 5.03 22.24 7.45 22.24 5.06 27.53 4.74 24.01 6.76 24.01 4.65 23.50 4.32 24.70 5.80 24.70 3.17 26.01 3.62 26.01 4.99 26.02 Standard uncertainties: u(wi) = 0.002; u(P) = 5 kPa; u(T) = 0.05 K. Figure 1 shows the binodal curves obtained from Bleasdales equation. The effect of pH is clear: very small on the size of the heterogeneous region. This trend is in agreement with the experimental results of de Oliveira [12] and Martins [15]. Figure 1. Phase diagram of the PEG (1500) + di-potassium tartrate + water (3) two-phase system at T = 298.15 K and various pH (6.41, 7.74 and 9.05): (à ¢-  ) experimental binodal (6.41(pink), 7.74(blue) and 9.05 (green); (à ¢- ²) calculated binodal using Bleasdales equation (3). TLL and STL Tie line compositions are given in Table 4. Figure 2 presents the tie lines and the binodal curve together for the PEG + di-potassium tartrate + water system at 298.15 K. Figure2. Phase diagram of the PEG + di-potassim tartrate + water two-phase system at T = 298.15 K and pH 6.41 (a), 7.74 (b) and 9.05 (c) : (-à ¢- ²-) experimental binodal; ; (- -à ¢- - -) calculated by using eq. 4. Table 4. Phase composition, tie-line data and physical properties of PEG 1500 + di-potassium tartrate+ water aqueous two-phase system at 298.15 K and 0.1 MPa Total System (%mass) Top phase Bottom phase 6.41 17 20 10.55 33.70 1.1217 1.3922 23.50 4.65 1.1620 1.3703 31.80 2.24 17 21 10.21 35.50 1.1226 1.3936 24.01 4.31 1.1652 1.3705 34.10 2.26 18 20 9.50 39.57 1.1252 1.3965 25.01 3.70 1.1716 1.3710 39.07 2.31 18 21 9.01 42.65 1.1275 1.3985 26.01 3.17 1.1782 1.3717 42.97 2.32 7.74 17 20 9.01 35.77 1.1142 1.3919 23.15 5.29 1.1606 1.3710 33.62 2.14 17 21 8.30 39.31 1.1157 1.3932 24.01 4.74 1.1660 1.3714 37.96 2.20 18 20 7.80 42.04 1.1172 1.3947 24.70 4.32 1.1705 1.3718 41.33 2.23 18 21 7.20 45.58 1.1195 1.3966 26.01 3.62 1.1791 1.3727 45.97 2.23 9.05 17 20 4.01 39.51 1.0844 1.3831 25.18 6.76 1.1791 1.3781 39.00 1.54 17 21 3.30 41.88 1.0836 1.3835 27.01 5.80 1.1912 1.3796 43.17 1.52 18 20 3.08 42.66 1.0835 1.3836 28.01 5.34 1.1980 1.3806 44.87 1.49 18 21 2.80 43.67 1.0833 1.3838 28.80 4.99 1.2034 1.3814 46.59 1.48 The tie lines are determined by connecting each corresponding set of total, top, and bottom phase compositions. The coexisting phases are close in composition. A mass balance check was made between the initial mass of each component and the amounts in the bottom and top phases on the basis of equilibrium compositions. The mass of each phase was calculated from volume and density measurements. The relative error in the mass balance was less than 3 while those of the top phases ranged from 1.08 to 1.12 g/cm3. The density difference between the phases (ΆÃƒ Ã‚ ), increase with an increase in the TLL and slightly decrease with an increase in pH. From Figures 7, it is observed that the density differences between the phases show linear relationship with TLL. A comparable conduct was likewise depicted 31, 34, 35. Figure *. Relationship between density difference (ΆÃƒ Ã‚ ) and tie line length (TLL) for the PEG 1500 + di-potassium tartrate + water at different pH values. 3.4. Binodal curve and tie-line data correlation The coefficients of equation 4, along with the correspond

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly

Opposing Models and Approaches to Care of the Elderly Maria Theresa O. Seguerra INTRODUCTION: The proper practice in care is not just about having to do things well or having the adequate knowledge, it also involves showing good moral and attitude towards people. The best way to determine that you have given out the suitable care is putting yourself in the other person’s shoe. The right way to social care is to always involve a good value base (Social Care Institute for Excellence, 2014). In this paper, we are tasked to weigh the pros and drawbacks of the theories and principles that concerns the person- centred approach to care for people suffering with dementia and other health conditions for the elderlies. The Task Question 1 Person- centred approach This type of approach directly addresses the person as a single and unique individual rather than looking through them generally or perhaps treating them straight with regards to their disease condition. This method targets to care for the person with dementia as an individual with uniqueness, interests and needs rather than aiming to treat their illnesses or disabilities that they are currently suffering. Instead of focusing on their disease symptoms, this approach considers the person as a whole and is cared for holistically. There are eight (8) approaches that cover this type of approach, the following are: Individuality Every person is unique from one another. A person suffering from dementia is stereo-typed as an individual who has lost his independence and conformity to society thus he is not handled as someone who still possess his own right to distinctiveness and dignity. It should be the case that people need to understand that these ones must be given value and respect as an individual despite having mental impairment. To be able to care for these clients, accurate and in- depth history of the client’s needs and preferences should be noted. These information should be sorted out well enough by the health care providers and handed over in a very precise manner to the caregivers so as to bring about the best care as what their loved ones have expected. Rights Although demented people have slowly diminished sense of personal identity, their personal rights have been gradually eroded too. However, even if these have occurred in them, their personal character, morals and values still retain. We can see that these people have lost their critical thinking, comprehension and judgment the reason why many of their rights have been violated and abused by the people around them. In order to protect the clients, especially those who are confined in aged care facilities, they always have the power of attorney. The power of attorney is a written document that the client has given to another person to take charge or to represent in behalf of the client’s personal affairs and other legal matters against the wishes of the others (Citizens Advice Bureau NZ, 2014). In order to give these people the care that they deserve, those who are included in the care must have an environment conducive for demented people, for them to be able to understand more of their sentiments, and interests. Also, an environment which is secure and safe because protection is always the priority for them. Choice Health care providers especially those ones who are involved directly with the care of people with dementia must not assume that they are not capable enough to make their own decisions. They should however, must be assisted in deciding with their daily preferences and needs. Good collaboration with them enhances their chance to regain independence and self- worth. To be able to create the plan of care to these clients, early detection of dementia is ideal for the healthcare providers to be able give them choices and plan out a comprehensive person- centred approach of care. Privacy This principle is very significant to every individual, in general. This should be uphold and encouraged. Issues pertaining to privacy and confidentiality must be dealt with accordingly, thus during staff meetings and inductions it should be emphasized that privacy and confidentiality of the clients must be maintained. Moreover, simple measures must be done especially in giving them their personal spaces and time. These simple approaches conceal huge impact to the clients daily living. Independence As dementia progresses, an individual’s capabilities of doing his own activities of daily living diminishes. It is not that they cannot carry out the activities anymore, it is just that they usually forget what they are supposed to do. The main reason why they need guidance and assistance most of the time and not imposing on them. When the caregivers enact things according to their wants just to get their work done in a fast manner, they are trying to take away the client’s freedom and independence. Dignity People with dementia should be handled with utmost respect. Always remember the person they used to be and dementia itself only should be the second of the priorities. In that way, when the healthcare providers use that awareness to make decisions about their care and their daily routine is one way of maintaining the patient’s dignity (A Place for Mom, 2015). Always take into consideration that the person with dementia has no control of their judgment, memory and communication anymore. Therefore it is our duty to make modifications so as to help them direct their needs. Respect Dementia is seen as a slow deterioration of an individual’s personality until there is nothing left of that person and still, that person carries on. It is always a rule of thumb to maintain that much needed respect they need and in order to do so, staff should lessen embarrassment to the patient and focus on their optimistic attributes. Also, it is important to validate a person’s sense of self and self- worth (Victoria, 2014). Autonomy Clients suffering from dementia still has the capacity to make even small decisions. Although they are incapable of comprehending and deciding complicated tasks but still they deserve to be respected well. A patient’s autonomy should be respected even if the client is against the health care provider’s recommendation. This has helped develop cooperation and collaboration in making health related decisions (University of Miami Ethics Program, 2015). Question 2 Non- person- centred approach This method is aimed in looking at the individual rather than viewing the person holistically. There are two perspectives in this approach, these are: Institution perspective This type of perspective is directed to the establishments and facilities which focus on the care of elderly patients. Such establishments are those retirement villages, rest homes, nursing homes. The care plans made in this type of perspective are based on the institution’s policies and goals. Bio Medical perspective This perspective is based on the thought that human development is based on reason and rationality. In this model, it is believed that science and technology can improve human health. There are six assumptions in this perspective. First and foremost, that mind and body can be cured independently. Second, the body is like a machine that when it breaks down it can still be repaired. Third, that medicine should develop a more advanced solution to the health problems. Fourth, biomedicine focuses on the biological aspect of the disease process not considering the psychological and social issues. Fifth, it is said that every disease has its own etiology and lastly, medicine is the only way through understanding the disease and illness process (Cantley, 2001). Question 3 Reality- orientation approach This method follows a view point of in- patient treatment for minimizing confusion in geriatric patients. In this philosophy, it is said that confusion comes from: Under- stimulation of the patient. Care providers’ absence of persuasion or anticipation that the client perform his normal behaviour. Care givers’ no reinforcement of expected behaviours when the behaviours are performed (Taulbee and Folsom; Folsom, 1968). Validation approach This approach uses interaction of patients in the later stage of Alzheimer’s. This method aims to understand and feel for the needs of the person that he is trying to express. So, the concept of validation approach is the thought that people suffering with dementia say and reason out things with a purpose, and validating what they say and do is a way of boosting them to communicate openly and expressively with others (Pekker, 2011). Reminiscence techniques This technique includes the discussion of activities, events and experiences in the past with a group, usually with the help of noticeable and familiar things from the past. The participants, in this technique, are encouraged to express about past experiences at least once weekly. Also, there is also a life review that involves a one on one session in which the individual is led chronologically with his life experiences and encouraged to assess them and sometimes they may be able to make a life story book. This approach is said to be one of the used interventions in the care of patients with dementia and is highly rated by participants because it has evidently improved the mood and cognition of the clients. Assistive technologies This refers to any equipment, products or items used in helping to improve or maintain the capabilities of demented people most especially with their functional abilities, cognition and communication. This is beneficial to both parties, the carers and the demented client, as the job would be made easier and safer, easier and more person- centred. Holistic approach Clients with dementia may have benefitted from medication treatment, this approach believe that all individuals benefit from this type of method to care. There are four pillars in this approach, and these are: Environmental There are environmental factors that triggers and enhances reactions and behaviours for the demented person. By accurately assessing these factors and eliminating those hazards, health care providers can reduce agitation, irritability, anxiety and maintain an environment conducive for living. Communication It is important for caregivers in caring or dementia people to use effective communication methods because in this way reduction in agitation and frustration from the clients may result if and when you talk to them in a manner that is comforting. Dementia care communication can be verbal or non- verbal and knowing the difference impacts greatly as the demented individual can be affected either positively or negatively by words and body language. Nutritional Giving the client the appropriate nutritional needs can affect your care to them. Foods rich in fibre supports digestive health and bowel movement, increase fluid intake can support hydration needs. Thus, it is evident that diet holds an important role in maintaining the old person’s well- being and health. QUESTION 4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION Demented people would require needed help and support in the long run especially when the illness has advanced to a higher level. They may not be able to express their thoughts and insights about their care. However, many organizations may it be publicly or privately- owned support them by providing good awareness and advocacy services. For example, for those clients who prefer to stay in their homes can still be supported through the elder care locator wherein they can freely choose the caregiver they want to care for them that lives nearby. Also, Alzheimer’s Association 24/7 Hotline where all questions by the client, loved ones, friends and family are being answered and explained to them in a way that can easily be understood. This can be accessed 24/7 at any time of the day. Lastly, the Alzheimer’s Association is another organization for those elderlies who wish to stay in a care facilities. This type of association gives a thorough explanation and choices of care fa cilities and its location that suits the elderly clients. ATTITUDES TO HEALTH AND DEMAND FOR HEALTHCARE The young generation of today are surveyed to be afraid of aging and getting old most especially when they think about suffering from dementia because of the society’s stigma that they may face in the future. However, the aging process is inevitable and there is nothing that can be done to turn back time. Dementia is bound to be one of the add-ons when growing old and the young nurses these today are predestined to care for this aging population however, it will be a lot easier for them to do this because of the many organizations that support the Alzheimer’s community. They help and direct them towards the progress of the clients’ well- being and health. Therefore, it is right to give the elderlies with utmost respect and dignity regardless of race and condition. References A Place for Mom. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.aplaceformom.com/senior-care-resources/articles/dementia-dignity Cantley, C. (2001). A Handbook of Dementia Care. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press. Net industries. (2015). Retrieved from Medicine encyclopedia: http://medicine.jrank.org/pages/1448/Reality-Orientation.html Pekker, M. (2011, November 9th). Blogger corporation. Retrieved from Alzheimers review: http://alzheimers-review.blogspot.co.nz/2011/11/validation-approach-to-alzheimers.html Victoria, S. o. (2014, July 16). Department of Health, State of Victoria Australia. Retrieved from http://www.health.vic.gov.au/dementia/changes/personal-identity.htm Woods, B. S. (2005, April 18). PubMed. Retrieved from Cochrane Database Syst Rev: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846613

Freshmen Fifteen :: essays research papers fc

Freshmen Fifteen: An Inescapable College Epidemic? Six months ago, she stood in front of her mirror, examining her body closely. Her stomach was flat and smooth, her waistline was to die for, and her friends and even complete strangers wished they had her shape in her size five jeans. She never had to work out, never played any sports, and she did not know what a squat was. She was happy and confident as her scale read 120 pounds. She smiled at the reflection of herself. She proudly wore her Seton Hall tank top and loved the feel of it. Six months later, she examines herself again. Her stomach has a little bulge and her hips spread slightly. Her skin hangs over her jeans, enticing her friends and family to laugh and pinch at it. The button on those size five jeans always comes undone when she sits down, consequently causing an open fly to embarrass her whenever she leaves class. She had to buy six new pairs of jeans, all of which were size sevens and nines. The Seton Hall tank top that she proudly wore before now has a tear on one of the straps and a hole in the back stitching. Her scale reads an unthinkable 130 pounds; she walks around shell shocked, for the rest of the day. The girl who you have just read about is not fictitious; she is the very real victim of the dreaded â€Å"Freshmen Fifteen† epidemic. Why do so many freshmen gain this excessive amount of weight? The odds of staying the same weight are strongly against us. The first and most obvious reason for weight gain is food. College cafeterias are smorgasbords of hot, greasy, fatty, empty calorie foods. At Seton Hall University, all freshmen are required to purchase a meal plan that comes with various amounts of Pirate dollars that can only be used on food. These Pirate Dollars are equal to one dollar and students are given an overage each semester. In order to avoid losing money, many students use these dollars to buy snacks in between all three meals. At the end of the year, the money is not refundable, so students must splurge once again in order to avoid throwing away their money. Whether students’ classes are far apart or back to back, they are likely to stuff themselves because they need to prepare to sit through about 3 or more hours of lecture, or their next class isn’t for another two or three hours and they plan to eat and â€Å"take a quick catnap.

Brains before Beauty in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Eyr

Brains before Beauty  in   Jane Erye    Beauty is generally classified into two main categories: physical and mental. In the Charlotte Bronte's Jane Erye, the protagonist rejects by choice and submission, her own physical beauty in favor of her mental intelligence and humility, and her choice becomes her greatest benefit by allowing her to win the hand of the man of her desires, a man who has the values Jane herself believes in. She values her knowledge and thinking before any of her physical appearances because of her desire as a child to read, the lessons she is taught and the reinforcements of the idea appearing in her adulthood. During the course of the novel she lives at five homes. In each of these places, the idea of inner beauty conquering exterior appearance becomes a lesson, and in her last home she gains her reward, a man who loves her solely for her mind. She reads against her cousins wishes as a child at Gateshead, learns to value her intelligence as a child at the Lowood Institution, her mind and humilit y win the heart of Mr. Rochester at Thornfield Manor, she earns St. John's marriage proposal at Marsh's End, and in the end she wins her prize of Mr. Rochester's hand in marriage at Ferndean Manor. Jane Erye spent the beginning of her childhood at her Aunt's house, where she struggles to become more intelligent by reading books. Jane wants to learn, even though her cousin insists: "You have no business to read our books; you are a dependent" (pg. 42). Shortly after being struck for reading, she lays in bed and requests: "Gulliver's Travels from the library. This book I had again and again perused with delight" (pg. 53). Her ambition to read and better herself meets opposition from her cousins, yet she continu... ...f Love in Jane Eyre and Wuthering Heights. David Lodge, Fire and Eyre: Charlotte Brontà «'s War of Earthly Elements Fraser, Rebecca. The Brontes. 1st ed. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crown Publishers, 1988.    Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 3rd ed. New York: The Modern Library. Bronte, Charlotte. "Charlotte Bronte's Letters". New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1971. Diedrick, James.   Newman on the Gentleman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/vn/victor10.html. Diedrick, James.   Jane Eyre and A Vindication   of the Rights of Woman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://spider.albion.edu/fac/engl/diedrick/jeyre1.htm. Dickerson, Vanessa D. Victorian Ghosts in the Noontide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.system.missouri.edu/upress/fall1996/dickerso.htm. Brownell, Eliza. Age Difference in Marriage: The Context for Jane Eyre   

Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans

How the Renaissance Changed the Individuality of Humans The Renaissance changed how people viewed themselves from the Middle Ages when Christianity was so important. Human anatomy, man's temperament, man's role in the universe and people in art all show the decreased importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves. The perception of human anatomy and its function from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance has changed greatly and diminished the importance of Christianity. The first theory, â€Å"Zodiac Man,† believed that each sign of the zodiac ruled a part of the DOD.A zodiac is a constellation, which is part of the universe that God created. With the importance of Christianity, people in Europe at this time surely did believe that these constellations were controlling the body (Document H). Belgian physician, Andrea Vesuvius, who actually dissected the human body to better explain what actually happened, made another theory about how the human body worked. He discovered this hypothesis over 30 years after Johann; this new notion better explained how the body actually works and was more realistic (Document I).After the announcing of this new theory, the importance of how individuals viewed themselves were increased while people were starting to question how important Christianity really was. Man's temperament through plays showed how Christianity was all that the people of the Middle Ages could think about but then there is a gradual change of how Christianity was viewed in the Renaissance. Plays were conducted for people who were illiterate, this play is written by an unknown author at the start of the Renaissance but the lines of the play carry a meaning straight out of the Middle Ages.Many at this time knew that God was perfect and people felt that they also needed to be flawless in order to go to heaven and live an eternal life. The author starts the play off by saying that sin in the beginning is â€Å"ful l sweet† but in the end â€Å"cachets thy soul to weep† (Document D). The author is saying that people should not commit a sin otherwise they will go to hell. He also states that the individuals should listen to what God has to say in order to live a good life. Otherwise, Shakespeare states, â€Å"what a piece of work is man† (Document E).This line, along with the rest of he excerpt is dictating that men do make mistakes; they aren't perfect because no one is. These two passages from the plays show the different perception of religion, the excerpt from the Middle Ages is stricter on Christianity and how it is perceived thane excerpt from the Renaissance, where how sin is morally accepted because of everyone's imperfections. Man's role in the universe shrunk the importance of Christianity and amplified man's sense of individuality from the different drawings of the universe and how the two developed and changed people's understanding it.Ptolemy developed a theory f the universe that he himself and other scholars believed during the Middle Ages, and that was that earth was the center of the universe. God, having created the universe and the world in which the nation lived, the scholars believed that it would be â€Å"geocentric† (Document F). A new concept came along by Copernicus; he believed that the sun was the center of the universe by only relying on mathematics (Document G).Since the universe had been noted as being â€Å"heliocentric,† people started relying less on Christianity and started trusting themselves as individuals. People in art developed more knowledge on paintings and developed new artistic tales at the time of the Renaissance, which caused them to lead off of Christianity in their paintings and focus more on people and how they are perceived. Faces in the paintings from the Middle Ages through to the end of the Renaissance changed, scenes became less biblical and more realistic.In the Middle Ages, the painti ng was very religious. This biblical scene shows Mary and Jesus surrounded by angels, her face does not look accurate, especially not as accurate as a face that one would see in present time. Also, Jesus does not resemble a baby but looks more like a miniature an (Document A). With a drastic change, the Mona Lisa shocked many people with how realistic her smile is. Whenever in a room with this painting, the eyes will always follow which is a relatively new artistic style at this time (Document B).The real difference between these two paintings is that in the one from the Middle Ages, the artist does not know what Mary nor Jesus looks like because they lived in the biblical age, dying long before the Middle Ages therefore the artist trying to perceive the image of them is difficult. Contrarily, the Mona Lisa is a real model posing for the painting. In dad Vine's work, there is no sign of a biblical scene in his objective. Leonardo portrait helped people in the Renaissance stray from Christianity and appreciate themselves as individuals.Literacy at the time of the Renaissance started to spread, more educated people started questioning the teachings of the Church. Humanism, a movement where people developed, praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual started to advance at this time. Humanism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences and medicine. It started to change the individuality of humans through the human anatomy and how the constellations that ere first controlling the body but have now learnt that humans are the ones to actually control themselves on what they do and say.Man's temperament and how plays taught people that sometimes people sin because no one is perfect. Man's role in the universe and the two different drawings show that the earth is not the center of the universe but the sun is. People in art drifted from biblical scenes and started to focus more on people and the realism in painting real figures. These things all s how the decreased importance of Christianity and the increased importance of how individuals viewed themselves.

Health Literacy Essay

I. scope Child headness is an essential index finger of the quality of life in growing countries. Mformer(a)s literacy is often positively associated with move kidskin wellness and nutritional status (Glewwe, 1999). The self-control of literacy increases the aptitude of a flummox or a family to acquire more companionship. Improvements in minor wellness be considered as the consequences of enhanced of sires knowledge. In short, literacy affects wellness, and wellness affects preparational achievement (Grosse, 1989).Beca ingestion the coefficient of correlation between literacy, wellness, wealth and well-being is neat increasingly pregnant, it is crucial to include wellness literacy as skills required for an adult to routine in a community (Kickbusch, 2001). health literacy has been recognized as a unwrap outcome measure of health progress interventions (Nutbeam, 1996). It can be reason as basic/ operational health literacy, communicatory/interactive heal th literacy and hypercritical literacy. severally level has different autonomy and ad hominem empowerment. Individual attention is rivet on underdeveloped the skills and confidence to cave in choices that enhance individual health outcomes (Nutbeam, 2000). As the upliftedest level, critical literacy ideally give be achieved in which passel have this talent to search for teaching, assess the reliability of that information and use that information to have a better control over their health determinants (Nutbeam and Renkert, 2001).Following this health literacy concept, Nutbeam and Renkert (2001) define flummoxs health literacy as the cognitive and social skills which determine the motivation and ability of women to gain access to, understand and use the information in ways that go on and maintain their health and that of their peasantren. In footing of literacy, Indonesia has a relatively blue of literacy send of 90% (UNICEF, 2007).However, people with adequate liter acy for dealing withfamiliar concepts and commits, such as sign of the zodiac management can discover a considerable difficulty to understand unknown issues, such as health take information (Kalichman and Rompa, 2000). For suffers, health literacy skills are strategic factors in predicting child health outcomes. Indonesia as a evolution country stock-still faces galore(postnominal) child health problems. Infant, neonatal and under-5 mortality rate was relatively high (26, 17 and 34 per 1000 go births, respectively) in 2006.Child immunization reportage is still considerably low with rubeola coverage of 66. 2%, MCV (80%), DPT (75%) and hepatitis (74%) among one-year-olds (WHO, 2009). Many studies belet loose that low literacy is related with several uncomely health outcomes (DeWalt, 2004). One of the ways to alter child health is likely by meliorate flummoxs health literacy. Many recent studies have examined the pretend of mothers health literacy on child health (San diford, 1995). However, there are few studies foc utilize on the barriers to mothers health literacy.This study leave alone investigate barriers are there to better mothers health literacy on child health and find solutions might whelm the barriers. II. Objectives 1. To investigate the level of mothers health literacy in body politic of Aceh (functional, interactive or critical health literacy of mothers toward child health care, participation in child care programme in villages or sub districts, health quest behaviours, efforts to gain access to health services). 2. To look for what barriers are there to improve mothers health literacy on child health 3.To evaluate solutions that might overcome the barriers in order to enhance mothers health literacy. 4. To create a model of intervention to improve motherlike health literacy III. Methodology This research ordain be grappleed in duodecimal and soft methods. The quantitative methods part with for investigate the info ab out the mothers functional, interactive and critical health literacy toward the child health care, the utilisation of autochthonic health care by mothers in terms of health seeking behaviour, child immunization coverage and monitoring of childrens nutritional status.The selective information will be collected by using integrated questionnaires. The functional literacy will use the incorporate questionnaires of Test of serviceable wellness Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA) (Baker, 1999) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) (Bass, 2003) while the interactive and critical health literacy questionnaires will be designed by modifying the existing researches that study of maternal(p) health literacy. Then, the results will be categorized by scoring into Inadequate, Marginal and adequate health literacy.Before the questionnaire is used for the investigation, the lustiness and reliability tests will be performed. In the qualitative stage, I will conduct personal interview s and center on group discussions to find out the barriers and solutions to improve maternal health literacy. Semi-structured personal interviews will be used for mothers and health care staff (physicians, nurses and mid wifes) from villages and sub-district health services. Respondents will be interviewed individually and privateness will be maintained during the interview.For focus group discussions, they will be purposively selected to picture the maximum variation to ensure a diversity of views about barriers to improve mothers health literacy within the sample. For each group, initial converge will be made by a gatekeeper such as co-ordinator of village mothers association, wife of head of village and village midwife. entirely groups will be facilitated by the researcher, preserve with the participants permission and will be full transcribed.Sampling strategyParticipant will be recruited from women who have children (younger or onetime(a) children) in disparate geographic al areas (social/ heathence/ethnic mix) to look for contextual distinction and from different level of education (no education, basic, advanced and higher education). The sample will be recruited purposively from the population entropy of department of health in Aceh. Women who are willing to participate, speak either Indonesia or Acehnese, and are check out will be purposively selected for the qualitative study. For the quantitative study, respondents will be selected using the multi-stage stochastic sampling method.All respondent selected will be assured that participation is voluntary. information analysis The recorded interviews will be transcribed word for word into the words of the interview (Bahasa Indonesia, but Acehnese will be used as many people in rural areas cannot speak bahasa) and then translated into English. Categories for analysis of data will be identified at the beginning. The transcripts will be analyzed and allocated from each subject to non-homogeneous c ategories. Data will then be analyzed according to these categories. The quantitative data will be analized using SPSS statistical software version 19.0 (SPSS, Inc, Chicago, Ill). IV. significance Indonesia is a developing country with a population of nearly 250 million. Low literacy and high fertility coupled with poor economy translates into high morbidity and mortality. Women and children are the just about vulnerable segments in terms of health. It is important to improve maternal health literacy and other factors related to health services in order to increase child health care. It is a multi sector program that involves many stake holders including health department, health check education and community.It is important for medical education sanctuary to educate their graduations of health promotion and health education against the current trend of medical education that is more likely to be a curative and specialist view. V. Others ground forces is a developed country an d well known for its reputable universities especially for creation health subjects. health system in the US is different from Indonesia that will allow me to learn more about health education especially maternal health literacy in the US health system. The swan will be conducted in cardinal years. The detail of timeline can be establish in the table below. Table 1.The timeline of research No Years Year 1 Year 2 MonthsTasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 expatiate research question 2 training of proposal 3 Literature criticism and process the local and university ethical issues 4 Produce the questioners 5 Data show 6 Data analysis .No Years Year 3 MonthsTasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6 Data analysis (continued) 8 make-up initial draft 9 conclusion reading 10 Revisio n and circulate in References Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Education and Counseling. 1999, 3833-42. Bass PF, Wilson JF, and Griffith CH.A Shortened promoter for Literacy Screening. diary of familiar Internal Medicine. 2003,181036-1038. Glewwe. P. wherefore does mothers schooling stimulate child health in developing countries? evidence from Morocco. The Journal of Human Resources. 1999 34 (1) 124 159. Grosse R. N. Literacy and health status in developing counties. Annual Review Public wellness. 1989 34 281 97. Kickbusch I. S. health literacy addressing the health and education divide. Health publicity International. 2001 16 (3) 289 97. Nutbeam D.Achieving best practice in health promotion improving the fit between research and practice. Health Education Research. 1996 11 (3) 317 26. Nutbeam D. Health literacy as a public health finale a challenge for contem porary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century. Health Promotion International. 2000 15 (3) 259 67. Nutbeam D and Renkert S. Opportunities to improve maternal health literacy through antepartum education an exploratory study. Health Promotion International. 2001 16 (4) 38 88. Kalichman S. C and Rompa D.Functional health literacy is associated with health status and health-related knowledge in people living with HIV-AIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2000 25 337 44. The gentlemans gentleman Health Organization (WHO). WHO Statistical info System (WHOSIS) for Indonesia. 2009. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. unattached from http//www. who. int/whosis/data/Search. jsp? indicators=Indicator. Members DeWalt D. A et. al. Literacy and health outcomes. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 2004 19 1228 39. Sandiford P, Cassel J, Montenegro M and Sanchez G.The meet of womens literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health ser vices. universe of discourse Investigation Committee. 1995 49 (1) 5 17. Health Canada. Toward a Healthy Future blurb Report on the Health of Canadians. 1999. Retrieved Jan 7, 2009. Available from http//www. phac-aspc. gc. ca/ph-sp/report-rapport/toward/pdf/toward_a_healthy_english. PDF Provincial health character Aceh province. Health profile of Aceh province in 2007. Banda Aceh-Indonesia. 2007. Rahmad Y. 2008, menurunkan angka kematian ibu dan bayi.The Globe Journal Banda Aceh. 2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from http//www. theglobejournal. com/detilberita. php? id=1586 Serambi news, Di aceh masih banyak perempuan buta huruf. Serambi Indonesia. 2/12/2008. Retrieved Jan 8, 2009. Available from http//www. serambinews. com/old/index. php? aksi=bacaberita&beritaid=59771&rubrik=1&topik=13 The United Nation Childrens Fund (UNICEF). Statistics Basic Indicator for Indonesia. 2007. Retrieved on Jan 7, 2009. Available from http//www. unicef. org/infobycountry/indonesia_statistics . html.